Cloture Defintion - Senate Rule to Break a Filibuster

Cloture is a procedure used occasionally in the U.S. Senate to break a filibuster. Cloture, or Rule 22, is the only formal procedure in Senate parliamentary rules, in fact, that can force an end to the stalling tactic. It allows the Senate to limit consideration of a pending matter to 30 additional hours of debate. Cloture History The Senate first adopted the cloture rule in 1917 after President Woodrow Wilson called for the implementation of a procedure to end debate on any given matter. The first cloture rule allowed for such a move with the support of a two-thirds majority in the upper chamber of Congress. Cloture was first used two years later, in 1919, when the Senate was debating the Treaty of Versailles, the peace agreement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. Lawmakers successfully invoked cloture to end a lengthy filibuster on the matter. Perhaps the most well known use of cloture came when the Senate invoked the rule after a 57-day filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Southern lawmakers stalled debate over the measure, which included a ban on lynching, until the Senate mustered enough votes for cloture. Reasons for Cloture Rule The cloture rule was adopted at a time when deliberations in the Senate had ground to a halt, frustrating President Wilson during a time of war. At the end of the session in 1917, lawmakers filibustered for 23 days against Wilsons proposal to arm merchant ships, according to the Senate Historians office. The delay tactic also hampered efforts to pass other important legislation. President Calls for Cloture Wilson railed against the Senate, calling it the only legislative body in the world which cannot act when its majority is ready for action. A little group of willful men, representing no opinion but their own, have rendered the great government of the United States helpless and contemptible. As a result, the Senate wrote and passed the original cloture rule on March 8, 1917. In addition to ending filibusters, the new rule allowed each senator an additional hour to speak after invoking cloture and before voting on a bills final passage. Despite Wilsons influence in instituting the rule, cloture was invoked only five times over the course of the following four and a half decades. Cloture Impact Invoking cloture guarantees that a Senate vote on the bill or amendment being debated will eventually happen. The House does not have a similar measure. When cloture is invoked, senators are also required to engage in debate that is germane to the legislation being discussed. The rule contains a clause the any speech following the invocation of cloture must be on the measure, motion, or other matter pending before the Senate. The cloture rule thereby prevents lawmakers from merely stalling for another hour by, say, reciting the Declaration of Independence or reading names from a phone book. Cloture Majority The majority needed to invoke cloture in the Senate remained two-thirds, or 67 votes, of the 100-member body from the rules adoption in 1917 until 1975, when the number of votes needed was reduced to just 60. To being the cloture process, at least 16 members of the Senate must sign a cloture motion or petition that states: We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with the provisions of Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, hereby move to bring to a close the debate upon (the matter in question). Cloture Frequency Cloture was rarely invoked in the early 1900s and mid-1900s. The rule was used only four times, in fact, between 1917 and 1960. Cloture became more common only in the late 1970s, according to records kept by the Senate. The procedure was used a record 187 times in the 113th Congress, which met in 2013 and 2014 during President Barack Obamas second term in the White House.

The Effects Of Television On America During The 1980s

Ian Rathburn Ms. Bunkleman American Studies 1 June 2016 The Important Effects of Television in America in the 1980s Television is one of the most popular ways to consume media. However, television wasn’t always the way it is today. Many changes took place in the television industry during the 1980s. Some of the important changes that took place in the 1980s were the new types of programming, the increase in the popularity of cable television, and new technology that was invented such as the remote control. Television had a huge effect on society through the way if affected the ways children could be educated and what people watched. It impacted technology through changes in how people watched television and what people could record and watch on television. It also had an enormous effect on the economy through changes in competition in the television industry and how musicians and their music could be made popular. Television in America in the 1980s affected society, technology, and the economy. Television in the 1980s had a huge effect on society. There was a lot of new programming for chil dren in the 1980s. â€Å"During the 1980’s, television programming attempted to entertain, educate, socialize, and inform children in both the United States and Canada† (Schmitz). Much of this new programming was shown on PBS. These shows included Reading Rainbow, Sesame Street, Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, and 3-2-1 Contact. Reading Rainbow, which debuted in 1983, strove to foster literacyShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effects of TV, JFK and Elvis on America1370 Words   |  6 PagesEffects on America (1945-1980) From the creation of the United States, it had to overcome many things and take action on multiple issues. Starting with the French and Indian war that removed France from the original colonies, continuing to the revolts against taxes leading up to the American Revolution, when the United States won their independence from Britain, resulting in one of the most important documents in the United States, the Declaration of Independence and our first president,Read MoreBritish American Influence on Australia1015 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1945, many people, including Australians themselves, considered Australia to be nothing more than a British colony whose national identity was virtually the same as the British. During this period of Australias history, our modes of entertainment, food, fashion, sporting culture and our social values and attitudes were largely dictated by British culture. One of the most significant changes to have taken place in Australian society since the end of WWII, has been its drift towards AmericanRead MoreLife Of The 1980 S1167 Words   |  5 PagesCassie Toth Mrs. Weide American HIstory II 18 November 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life in the 1980’s   Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1980’s was a time of prosperity throughout America. From the Calendar that went from January 1st to December 31st to the increase of jobs. This decade was full of good changes socially, economically, and politically. The President of the United States during the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. The liberals were known as â€Å"Reagan Democrats†. 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Is Confucianism A Religion - 1973 Words

Introduction The question of whether or not Confucianism is a religion has been explored by many writers. Its religious status has been controversial in intellectual circles since the controversy of the Chinese rites of 17th century. There have been several attempts to define the religious character of Confucianism. The arguments by Matteo Ricci that the church should accommodate ancestor worship by Christians of Chinese origin because he considered it veneration and not a true worship was the beginning of Confucianism as a religious model (Tucker, 1998). Ricci and other missionaries searched for the word God as well as other forms of revelation in early Chinese scriptures. The major controversy was whether Shangdi (The High Lord) or Tian (The Heaven) could fit the bill and whether or not the natural philosophy of Chinese matched Christian revelation. The confirmation came in 1877 when James Legge, a missionary translator averred to the Shanghai Missionary Conference that Confucian scriptures were other ways of achieving ultimate truth (Tucker, 1998). Despite the fact that Confucianism may not qualify as a form of religion based on particular definitions of the term, the conceptions are tied closely to devotional practices and popular worship. From the beginning, Confucianism has had a strong religious dimension that was characterized by ritual practices, heavenly reverence, strong belief in moral order, and reverence for ancestors as the guiding providence. In itsShow MoreRelatedIs Confucianism A Religion?1595 Words   |  7 PagesIs Confucianism A Religion? Without a doubt, Confucius is regarded as one of the greatest sages of China history. Some people even refer to him as a deity. There have even been attempts to make Confucianism into a religion. 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People who follow the teachings of Confucius also observeRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism And Monotheistic Religions1108 Words   |  5 PagesIn life, one will undertake a spiritual journey in which you will uncover the meaning of the self. Many religions, including Hinduism, Confucianism and monotheistic religions, have developed philosophies placing importance of the â€Å"self.† Emphasis on morality, virtues, honest contribute to the development of the inner self. In religions such as, Islam and Judaism the importance of conducts and worship will lead you to paradise in the after as promised by Allah or Yahweh. The teachings of proper behavi orRead More Confucianism - Filial Piety in Chinese Religion Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesFilial Piety in Chinese Religion Filial piety was an integral part of Chinese culture and therefore was embraced by three of Chinas main religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Among the three, Confucianism, with its well documented social hierarchy, supported the ideals of filial piety the most. Buddhism and Daoism also supported filial piety in some of their texts, but had monastic systems that prevented monks and nuns from being filial children. The term filial piety refers toRead MoreConfucianism And Taoism : A Common Thread That Is Observed Within East Asian Religions1493 Words   |  6 PagesA common thread that is observed within East Asian religions is that there is an ideal or higher path that one can follow to attain their spiritual goals within their lifetime. The three popular religions in China, which are Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism greatly emphasized these ideal paths since direct effect of following these paths would bring harmony and structure to the society. Confucianism, a highly philosophical notion centered around the harmony in the society through the utilization

Emerging Discourse of Risk and Opportunity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Discourse of Risk and Opportunity. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the risk and its management in association with reward, opportunities and operations. The process of risk management is based on identifying, analysing and accepting or mitigating the uncertainty in various investment options (Philp, 2016). It is important to understand that risk management happen at any point of time where an investor can analyse and further attempt to properly quantify the overall potential of the losses in an investment and further take the right steps based on investment goals and tolerance in risk. The first example is of the CEO of the Treehouse namely Carson who has executed a plan of short workweek to gain more attention of the best employees to the company. He further also believed that this kind of truncated allotment of time will help the workforce to work in a more efficient way. The CEO has spent a lot of time on working for becoming the man to understand that as a manager or boss, one cannot be the dominating boss who is completely despised by the workforce (Dills, 2013). So, at the time of launching the Portland, which is Ore based coding school on online platform called as Treehouse in the year 2010, he took a cautious decision to try something unique and different. The plan was to have a four day or thirty-two hours of workweek. However, the approach adopted was quite unconventional and a risky process but it had immediate impact which created a lot of positivity in the recruitment process and people were inspired to work along with him. The plan further allowed the Treehouse to also finish for the talent which went completely against the organization with deep pockets and the business further has prospered as well. The practice adopted here was an unorthodox process and the only way to implement these decisions to have confidence to believe in the idea and try to make it happen or execute it perfectly. The first reaction of people was based on looking at it as a major risk which might not pay off. But the CEO only believed in implementing it perfectly and make it work. The process helped in getting the best kind of talent on-board and what is also amazing was the employee turnover completely reduced to nil (Miner, 2015). The process of dropping email for proprietary motives or system also called as Canopy where all the comments and data was posted or tagged for some importance and to gain some accessibility on much required basis and that has completely changed things for the company. It was also very efficient in usage and it also permit people to deal with the process of internal level communication on the set terms. At the same time, getting rid of the companys managerial level of layer further fostered the trust based loyalty with a lot of efficiency and challenging work. The workforce has the freedom to propose an idea and then later implement it. That allowed the company to be more pro-active and nimble by nature. People have the freedom to propose certain kind of concepts and ideas that seem them happen and there is no kind of micromanaging from manager side as well. It is important to understand that when employees are given more power, it is possible to increase more happiness and rise in positive outcome (Miner, 2015). Risk and opportunities Macro Hansell launched Speakr ideally called as twtMob in the year 2010 started the business with clear concept which is setup a venture that can coordinate an influencer based campaign on social network through Twitter for many Fortune 500 companies. He was clear about the programmers, designers, copywriters and developers that are required to implement it. There were money issues since the company didnt have money to pay these developers but Macro worked on finding the way to make it more beneficial without much cost. His plan was to sell it and make it a vision in which people and investors can believe in (Solomon et al, 2011). He contacted many people and can come down to six contractors who finally understood the vision. They all signed an agreement of a convertible note which says that the moment sales reached $250,000 or further attracted $1 million in the current venture capital, there is a possibility to gain control of full salary for the motive to work up to a level in equ ity share option or for cash. The company structured it in a way that the risk was there on both the side and investors were sure that the company is not using them for earning quick money and the sacrifice will be shared. As expected within one year of launch, the company could hit the target of $250,000 within eighteen months and further generated revenue close two million dollars in sales. The constraint and limitation in resources made the company highly grounded as well as resourceful and it was a smart move for them as well. The company believed in doing few things but at very high quality (Warkentin, 2011). The overall approach has finally paid off for everyone who were involved in the process. The company also run the second round of VC funding at the time when contractors went for the equity stake over cash. Operational risk management Chicago based company called as Eventup is an online market area that helps in matching the event planners with the venue. Jayne Cooke was brought in the company since the company was facing problem and she also understood the fact that the product has certain flaws. However, her immediate action was to first hire an efficient sales person to sell it before spending time on fixing it (Lam, 2013). Cooke has previously worked as a vice president in business development at a company called Groupon and she also could convince the right action here is to get the salesperson can get direct feedback from the customer which will help in fixing the operations of the company. For her, it was a matter of being more and more agile and figuring out on what is require doing without being very rigid and further get stuck with the old methods since rigidity in the organization is problematic (Ana-Cornelia, 2012). The feedback from hundreds of calls made by the sales team in time of few week, she could understand what is needed here to save the company to shut down. She further went ahead and made the fee structure simple and further streamlined the operation with the help of new customer association management tool for the places that could also track the leads. The company leaned what customer would want to pay for if it was offered to them. In the end, in the first budget year after she took in, the revenue increased to seven figures (O'Connor, 2012). Conclusion The process of managing in connection of many perspectives happens at all places in the world of finance. It also happens when any investor can buy minimal risk bonds of government over a riskier level of bond especially when a fund manager is able to hedge the currency exposure with many currency based derivatives and when a bank is able to performs a credit based check on personal level just before offering a personal line of credit to managers (Pleune, 2017). Reference Ana-Cornelia, O. (2012). Operational Risk Management.Universitatii Maritime Constanta. Analele,13(18), 335. Dills, T. (2013). Risk and reward.Commercial Carrier Journal,170(3). Lam, J. (2013). Operational Risk Management.Enterprise Risk Management: From Incentives to Controls, Second Edition, 237-270. Miner, J. (2015). Risk and Reward.Ancient Obscenities: Their Nature and Use in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds, 125. O'Connor, J. (2012). Operational Risk Management.Army Sustainment,44(3), 53. Philp, M. (2016). Risk and reward.Engineering Insight,17(5), 20. Pleune, T. (2017). Operational Risk Management. InCommercial Banking Risk Management(pp. 121-134). Palgrave Macmillan US. Solomon, J. F., Solomon, A., Norton, S. D., Joseph, N. L. (2011). Private climate change reporting: an emerging discourse of risk and opportunity?.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,24(8), 1119-1148. Warkentin, K. M. (2011). Environmentally cued hatching across taxa: embryos respond to risk and opportunity.Integrative and Comparative Biology,51(1), 14-25.